Antimicrobial agents
A
chemical substance produce by microorganism (natural products) which has the
capacity to inhibit the growth of bacteria, fungi, viruses or protozoa. It has
a high chemotherapeutic index to reduce the active process in organism in a
diluted solution.
•Antibiotics
= anti microorganisms = anti microbes
Classification
of antibiotics
1. Based on chemical structures
2. Based on the sources
3. Based on mechanism of action
4. Based on spectrum of action / activity
5. Based on modes of action
1.
Based on chemical structures
1.
Groups of sulfonamides à Sulfamethoxazole,
sulfadiazine
2. Groups of Penicillin à Penicillin G (Benzylpenicillin),
Penicillin V, Ampicillin,
amoxicillin, nafcillin
3.
Groups of cephalosporins à cefalothin, cefazolin, cefamandole, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone.
4. Groups of aminoglycosides à streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, gentamycin, tobramycin
5. Groups of chloramphenicol à chloramphenicol, tiamphenicol
6. Groups of tetracyclines à chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline HCl
7. Groups of macrolides à erythromycin, roxithromycin, spiramycin, azithromycin
8. Groups of polyenes à amphotericin B, nystatin
9. Groups of Lincomycins à lincomycin, clindamycin
10. Groups of polymixins à Polymyxin B, Polymyxin E
11. Groups of sulfon à dafsone
12. Groups of quinolones à nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, offloxacin
13. Other groups à vancomycin, cycloxerine, bacitracin, metronidazole
6. Groups of tetracyclines à chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline HCl
7. Groups of macrolides à erythromycin, roxithromycin, spiramycin, azithromycin
8. Groups of polyenes à amphotericin B, nystatin
9. Groups of Lincomycins à lincomycin, clindamycin
10. Groups of polymixins à Polymyxin B, Polymyxin E
11. Groups of sulfon à dafsone
12. Groups of quinolones à nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, offloxacin
13. Other groups à vancomycin, cycloxerine, bacitracin, metronidazole
2.
Based
on the sources
Antibiotic from microbes
1.A.B. from fungi à Penicillin from P. notatum
2.A.B. from bacteria
•A.B.
from eubacteria à polymyxin from bacillus polymyxa
•A.B.
from micromonosporaceae à gentamyicin from micromonospora purpurea
Microbial Sources of Antibiotics
IV.
Based on spectrum of action
1.Broad spectrum:
Effective to Gram +, Gram -
bacteria, mycoplasmas, chlamydiae, rickettsiae, sometimes protozoa à chloramphenicol, tetracyclines
2.Narrow spectrum:
Effective to Gram + / Gram - bacteria
only à penicillins, cephalosporins,
erythromycins, polymyxins
Antimicrobial Spectrum of Activity
On biological activity; according to their biological effect on
microorganisms:
bactericidal agents
kill bacteria,
and bacteriostatic
agents slow down bacterial
growth.
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